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World Catalogue of Olive Varieties |
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QAIOCWorldOliveVar
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The olive tree has been cultivated for approximately 6000 years in the
Mediterranean countries where 95% of olive resources are located. Its
habitat is determined by the Mediterranean climate, which is
characterised by relatively mild winters and hot, dry summers. The
areas belonging to this climate type lie between 30° and 45° north and
south latitudes. With the discovery of America, olive growing spread
gradually on a limited scale to South and North America. The 19th
century then saw its spread to Australia and nowadays it is also grown
elsewhere.
Some 850 million olive trees are grown in
the world on approximately 8.7 million hectares of land. Around 10
million tonnes of olives are produced, 90% of which is channeled into
oil Producción while the remaining 10% is for Aceitunas de mesa.
The majority of olive orchards are cultivated along traditional lines.
This type of olive growing has several characteristics, the most
important of which are now described.
As a result of the longevity of the olive tree, which can live for
centuries, orchards of very differing ages exist alongside each other.
For hundreds of years this heterogeneity has not caused any serious
drawbacks to cultivation but nowadays the decline of many orchards is
due to it. For instance, it is impossible for an olive orchard
established in mountain areas in the 19th century to be the basis of
olive growing that is open to the global market of the 21st century.
The proverbial adaptation of the olive tree to the Mediterranean
climate is the reason why it is basically a dry-farmed crop. In such
conditions, however, productivity per hectare is limited. For this
reason, through history, demand for Aceite de oliva has been met by
gradually occupying and if necessary breaking up increasingly more
fragile soils.
This strategy has given rise to two characteristics that hamper the
survival of numerous olive orchards. The first one is the marginal
nature of the groves. Much of the land where olives are grown is
intrinsically incapable of producing profitable crops under dry-farming
conditions. The second characteristic is their fragility, the
determinant of which is erosion. It is estimated that a large
percentage of olive orchards have lost soil through erosion, and
continuar to do so.
In olive cultivation labour is required primarily for harvesting. In
areas where it is a monoculture, the demand for labour is seasonal.
Even so, this possibility of jobs is still essential in many
olive-growing areas where unemployment is the chief socio-economic
problem.
Lastly, traditional olive growing has essentially depended on empirical
techniques. For instance, in countless olive-growing areas virtually
only one variety is cultivated, which was selected locally centuries
ago by anonymous, discerning growers. The fact that large propagules
were required for the vegetative propagation of these cultivars meant
that they were confined to a fairly extensive tract around their
assumed source area.
Nevertheless, growing demand in the latter part of the 20th century has
changed matters considerably. The measures taken by the Mediterranean
countries, the attractive prices fetched by Aceite de olivas on the
marketplace, the growing demand from new non-Mediterranean consumer
countries as a result of Promociónal campaigns and the positive
findings of Investigación científica have led to the creation of new
olive orchards capable of taking up this challenge. The expansion of
irrigated olive farming, new planting and harvesting methods, the need
for soil conservation, the increasing concern for quality, etc are
making it necessary for traditional olive growing to change its set
ways. The olive orchards of the 21st century will definitely be very
different to those known so far.This is the background to the need to
catalogue the existing varieties in the world in order to ensure that
this heritage is preserved and as a pre-requisite for obtaining new
varieties.
The first fruit trees were domesticated in the Near East some 6000
years ago. In this area, arboriculture as it is known today began some
4000 years after the start of agriculture. This long lag may possibly
have been because the seeds of the fruit species originating in this
area were unable to make the characteristics of the mother plants come
true. It is possible, however, that the seeds of selected trees were
used initially, as had been done for sowing cereals and pulses, and
that some characteristics became established with time, such as larger
fruit size.
However, fruit tree cultivation did not come into being until
vegetative propagation was mastered. There is archaeological evidence
that the olive, the vine, the fig and the date palm were the first
fruit trees to be cultivated by man. These four species have one
feature in common: they are easy to propagate vegetatively by simple
methods (using ovuli, hardwood cuttings, suckers) for which relatively
large propagules are generally required. The first olive growers may
feasibly have picked out individuals that stood out because of certain
worthwhile characteristics in wild olive groves or in groves of wild
olives improved through selection. Currently, cultivated varieties
differ from wild ones in that the fruit is larger and contains more
oil. These two criteria, together with yield and adaptation to the
Medio ambiente, must have determined the selection of such individuals
for cultivation. Asexual propagation by the methods just mentioned at
last made it possible to obtain progeny identical to the mother plant.
In the case of the olive, fragments of olive stones distinctly larger
than those of wild olives have been found at Teleilat Ghassul
(3700-3500 B.C.) to the north of the Dead Sea.
Olive growing spread across the Mediterranean Basin with the expansion
of culture. As settlers took propagules of the initial cultivars to new
olive-growing areas and the same process of tree selection and cloning
was carried out, the cultivated varieties of the countries along both
shores of the Mediterranean gradually emerged. Local wild olives, which
were known to be inter-fertile with cultivated olives, played a key
part in varietal diversification. Their generalised presence throughout
all the Mediterranean countries and the possibility of gene
introgression of local populations of wild olive in successive selected
varieties have led to present-day genetic variability and to the
olive's adaptation to different Medio ambientes.
The generalisation of the process that has just been described in the
countries where the olive tree was introduced led to great diversity in
cultivars. Studies on the varieties cultivated in France, Greece,
Italy, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey reveal a varietal Estructura
characterised by a large number of ancient varieties that are normally
confined to their assumed area of origin. The existence of a single
population variety - the `Picholine marocaine' - is reported in Morocco
although there are reasonable doubts that this denomination includes
different varieties.
Outside the Mediterranean, olive growing has developed basically
through the Introducción of varieties from other countries. This is the
case of the United States, Argentina and Australia.
The increasing exchange of material is altering the situation in
traditional olive-growing countries. This is largely due to the
reduction in the size of propagule needed for leafy stem propagation
and to the concomitant development of a nursery industry. Spain, for
instance, has seen spectacular growth of olive orchards in recent
years. Over 90% of the orchards are being planted with only three
varieties ("Picual", "Arbequina" and "Hojiblanca"), which are spreading
to areas that are very far from their traditional growing areas without
any previous testing in the new locations. The situation is similar in
Italy where the traditional cultivars in the olive-growing areas are
losing ground in new orchards to varieties that offer better
characteristics overall for oil or table olive Producción.
In addition, the nursery industry has recently started exporting large
quantities to various countries. New olive orchards in countries such
as Egypt, Morocco, Argentina, Chile, Portugal and Australia are also
seeing the gradual inclusion of plant material from various sources.
In the case of the olive there is less risk than in other species that
the genetic resources selected by man will disappear. The predominance
of traditional olive orchards and the longevity of the species
guarantee genetic diversity in the medium term.
So far, varietal cataloguing has been only fragmentary in the
traditional olive-growing countries although they do have numerous
varietal collections.
The first problem facing collections is the correct identification of
accessions. During the processes of varietal selection and
dissemination man has used generic naming criteria. These usually refer
to some striking characteristic of the variety (fruit, tree, leaf,
etc.), or to its end use or to some toponym. This has led to the use of
the same name for different varieties (homonyms) and of different names
for the same variety (synonyms). Cataloguing has been insufficient,
either because of the scope of the studies or because the pomological
files used have been incomplete and subjective, which has created
considerable confusion over varietal denominations.
Correct varietal identification is crucial at a time when the exchange
of plant material is increasing at great speed. This is why it is of
such importance to identify the material held in germplasm banks prior
to its distribution to the sector. A second problem facing collections
is the extent to which the varieties they hold are representative since
collections include only part of the varietal wealth of a country and
many collections are probably not representative enough of the material
cultivated in the countries where they are located.
The growth in plant material exchanges between countries is making it
necessary to catalogue varieties. The RESGEN project (Project on the
Conservation, Characterisation, Collection and Utilisation of Genetic
Resources in Olive), which is being implemented by the International
Aceite de oliva Council with the contribution of the European Community
and the Common Fund for Commodities, aims to catalogue correctly the
varietal collections held in 16 Mediterranean countries (Algeria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Israel, Lebanon,
Morocco, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia and Yugoslavia,
FR.), and to include any varieties surveyed in the countries that are
not already held in the collections.
This catalogue features 139 varieties from 23 olive-growing countries
that account for almost 85% of olive crop area. The number of varieties
described for each country has been determined by the importance of
olive growing in the country and by the extent of the variety.
In short, this work aims to stimulate cataloging of all the varieties of olive cultivated around the world.
Delivery charges apply.
Table of Contents
METHODOLOGY
Descriptor file
·Passport data
·Morphological characters
·Agronomic and commercial
considerations
WORLD CATALOGUE OF OLIVE VARIETIES
ALBANIA
Kalinjot
ALGERIA
Azeradj
Blanquette de Guelma
Chemlal de Kabylie
Limli
Sigoise
ARGENTINA
Arauco
CHILE
Azapa
CROATIA
Lastovka
Levantinka
Oblica
CYPRUS
Ladoelia
EGYPT
Aggezi Shami
Hamed
Toffahi
FRANCE
Aglandau
Bouteillan
Grossane
Lucques
Picholine Languedoc
Salonenque
Tanche
GREECE
Adramitini
Amigdalolia
Chalkidiki
Kalamon
Konservolia
Koroneiki
Mastoidis
Megaritiki
Valanolia
ISRAEL
Barnea
Kadesh
Merhavia
ITALY
Ascolana Tenera
Biancolilla
Bosana
Canino
Carolea
Casaliva
Cassanese
Cellina di Nardò
Coratina
Cucco
Dolce Agogia
Dritta
Frantoio
Giarraffa
Grignan
Itrana
Leccino
Majatica di Ferrandina
Moraiolo
Nocellara del Belice
Nocellara Etnea
Ogliarola Barese
Oliva di Cerignola
Ottobratica
Pendolino
Pisciottana
Pizz'e Carroga
Rosciola
Sant'Agostino
Santa Caterina
Taggiasca
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JORDAN
Rasi'i
LEBANON
Soury
MOROCCO
Haouzia
Menara
Meslala
Picholine marocaine
PALESTINE
Nabali Baladi
PORTUGAL
Carrasquenha
Cobrançosa
Cordovil de Castelo Branco
Cordovil de Serpa
Galega Vulgar
Maçanilha Algarvia
Redondal
SLOVENIA
Bianchera
SPAIN
Alfafara
Aloreña
Arbequina
Bical
Blanqueta
Callosina
Carrasqueño de la Sierra
Castellana
Changlot Real
Cornicabra
Empeltre
Farga
Gordal de Granada
Gordal Sevillana
Hojiblanca
Lechín de Granada
Lechín de Sevilla
Loaime
Lucio
Manzanilla Cacereña
Manzanilla Prieta
Manzanilla de Sevilla
Mollar de Cieza
Morisca
Morona
Morrut
Palomar
Picual
Picudo
Rapasayo
Royal de Cazorla
Sevillenca
Verdial de Badajoz
Verdial de Huevar
Verdial de Vélez-Málaga
Verdiell
Villalonga
SYRIA
Abou-Satl
Doebli
Kaissy
Sorani
Zaity
TUNISIA
Chemlali de Sfax
Chétoui
Gerboui
Meski
Oueslati
TURKEY
Ayvalik
Çekiste
Çelebi
Domat
Erkence
Gemlik
Izmir Sofralik
Memecik
Memeli
Uslu
UNITED STATES
Mission
YUGOSLAVIA, F.R.
Zutica
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF VARIETIES AND SYNONYMS
REFERENCES
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